Softskill Ekonomi Koperasi

PENGERTIAN EKONOMI KOPERASI DAN SEJARAH KOPERASI

NAMA      : RAHMA WATI

KELAS     : 2EA31

NPM         : 17213160

SOFTSKILL EKONOMI KOPERASI

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

TAHUN 2014

     

                             Pengertian Ekonomi Koperasi

Pengertian ekonomi koperasi adalah organisai yang dimiliki dan di operasikan oleh orang-orang demi kepentingan bersama. Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.

Pengertian koperasi secara sederhana berawal dari kata ”co” yang berarti bersama dan ”operation” (Koperasi operasi) artinya bekerja. Jadi pengertian koperasi adalah kerja sama. Sedangkan pengertian umum koperasi adalah : suatu kumpulan orang-orang yng mempunyai tujuan sama, diikat dalam suatu organisasi yang berasaskan kekeluargaan dengan maksud mensejahterakan anggota.

Berikut ini pengertian koperasi menurut para ahli :

1.      Dr. Fay ( 1980 )

Koperasi adalah suatu perserikatan dengan tujuan berusaha bersama yang terdiri atas mereka yang lemah dan diusahakan selalu dengan semangat tidak memikirkan dari sendiri sedemikian rupa, sehingga masing-masing sanggup menjalankan kewajibannya sebagai anggota dan mendapat imbalan sebanding dengan pemanfaatan mereka terhadap organisasi.

2.      R.M Margono Djojohadikoesoemo
Koperasi adalah perkumpulan manusia seorang-seoarang yang dengan sukanya sendiri hendak bekerja sama untuk memajukan ekonominya.

3.      Prof. R.S. Soeriaatmadja
Koperasi adalah suatu badan usaha yang secara sukarela dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh anggota yang adalah juga pelanggannya dan dioperasikan oleh mereka dan untuk mereka atas dasar nir laba atau dasar biaya.

4.      Paul Hubert Casselman
Koperasi adalah suatu sistem, ekonomi yang mengandung unsur sosial

5.      Margaret Digby
Koperasi adalah kerja sama dan sipa untuk menolong

6.      Dr. G Mladenata

Koperasi adalah terdiri atas produsen-produsen kecil yang tergabung secara sukarela untuk mencapai tujuan bersama dengan saling tukar jasa secara kolektif dan menanggung resiko bersama dengan mengerjakan sumber-sumber yang disumbangkan oleh anggota.

Prinsip Koperasi

Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama. Prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah

Ø  Keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela

Ø  Pengelolaan yang demokratis,

Ø  Partisipasi anggota dalam ekonomi,

Ø  Kebebasan dan otonomi,

Ø  Pengembangan pendidikan, pelatihan, dan informasi.

Di Indonesia sendiri telah dibuat UU no. 25 tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian. Prinsip koperasi menurut UU no. 25 tahun 1992 adalah:

Ø  Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka

Ø  Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokrasi

Ø  Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil sesuai dengan jasa usaha masing-masing anggota

Ø  Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal

Ø  Kemandirian

Ø  Pendidikan perkoperasian

Ø  Kerjasama antar koperasi

Prinsip Koperasi berdasarkan UU No. 17 Th. 2012, yaitu:

Ø  Modal terdiri dari simpanan pokok dan surat modal koperasi(SMK)

Bentuk dan Jenis Koperasi

       I.            Jenis Koperasi menurut fungsinya

• Koperasi pembelian/pengadaan/konsumsi adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan fungsi pembelian atau pengadaan barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan anggota sebagai konsumen akhir. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pembeli atau konsumen bagi koperasinya.

• Koperasi penjualan/pemasaran adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan fungsi distribusi barang atau jasa yang dihasilkan oleh anggotanya agar sampai di tangan konsumen. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pemasok barang atau jasa kepada koperasinya.
• Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang menghasilkan barang dan jasa, dimana anggotanya bekerja sebagai pegawai atau karyawan koperasi. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pekerja koperasi.
• Koperasi jasa adalah koperasi yang menyelenggarakan pelayanan jasa yang dibutuhkan oleh anggota, misalnya: simpan pinjam, asuransi, angkutan, dan sebagainya. Di sini anggota berperan sebagai pemilik dan pengguna layanan jasa koperasi.

Apabila koperasi menyelenggarakan satu fungsi disebut koperasi tunggal usaha (single purpose cooperative), sedangkan koperasi yang menyelenggarakan lebih dari satu fungsi disebut koperasi serba usaha (multi purpose cooperative).

    II.            Jenis koperasi berdasarkan tingkat dan luas daerah kerja

• Koperasi Primer

Koperasi primer ialah koperasi yang yang minimal memiliki anggota sebanyak 20 orang perseorangan.

• Koperasi Sekunder

Adalah koperasi yang terdiri dari gabungan badan-badan koperasi serta memiliki cakupan daerah kerja yang luas dibandingkan dengan koperasi primer. Koperasi sekunder dapat dibagi menjadi :

• koperasi pusat - adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan paling sedikit 5 koperasi primer
• gabungan koperasi - adalah koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat
• induk koperasi - adalah koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi

 III.            Jenis Koperasi menurut status keanggotaannya

• Koperasi produsen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya para produsen barang/jasa dan memiliki rumah tangga usaha.
• Koperasi konsumen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya para konsumen akhir atau pemakai barang/jasa yang ditawarkan para pemasok di pasar.

Kedudukan anggota di dalam koperasi dapat berada dalam salah satu status atau keduanya. Dengan demikian pengelompokkan koperasi menurut status anggotanya berkaitan erat dengan pengelompokan koperasi menurut fungsinya.

Keunggulan Koperasi

Kemungkinan koperasi untuk memperoleh keunggulan komparatif dari perusahaan lain cukup besar mengingat koperasi mempunyai potensi kelebihan antara lain pada skala ekonomi, aktivitas yang nyata, faktor-faktor precuniary, dan lain-lain.

Kewirausahaan Koperasi

Kewirausahaan koperasi adalah suatu sikap mental positif dalam berusaha secara koperatif, dengan mengambil prakarsa inovatif serta keberanian mengambil risiko dan berpegang teguh pada prinsip identitas koperasi, dalam mewujudkan terpenuhinya kebutuhan nyata serta peningkatan kesejahteraan bersama. Dari definisi tersebut, maka dapat dikemukakan bahwa kewirausahaan koperasi merupakan sikap mental positif dalam berusaha secara koperatif
Tugas utama wirakop adalah mengambil prakarsa inovatif, artinya berusaha mencari, menemukan, dan memanfaatkan peluang yang ada demi kepentingan bersama. Kewirausahaan dalam koperasi dapat dilakukan oleh anggota, manajer birokrat yang berperan dalam pembangunan koperasi dan katalis, yaitu orang yang peduli terhadap pengembangan koperasi.

Pengurus

Pengurus koperasi dipilih dari kalangan dan oleh anggota dalam suatu rapat anggota. Ada kalanya rapat anggota tersebut tidak berhasil memilih seluruh anggota Pengurus dari kalangan anggota sendiri. Hal demikian umpamanya terjadi jika calon-calon yang berasal dari kalangan-kalangan anggota sendiri tidak memiliki kesanggupan yang diperlukan untuk memimpin koperasi yang bersangkutan, sedangkan ternyata bahwa yang dapat memenuhi syarat-syarat ialah mereka yang bukan anggota atau belum anggota koperasi (mungkin sudah turut dilayani oleh koperasi akan tetapi resminya belum meminta menjadi anggota).

Koperasi di Indonesia

Koperasi di Indonesia, menurut UU tahun 1992, didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan. Di Indonesia, prinsip koperasi telah dicantumkan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1967 dan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992.
Prinsip koperasi di Indonesia kurang lebih sama dengan prinsip yang diakui dunia internasional dengan adanya sedikit perbedaan, yaitu adanya penjelasan mengenai SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha).

Sejarah Koperasi di Indonesia

Logo Gerakan Koperasi Indonesia (1960an-2012)

Sejarah singkat gerakan koperasi bermula pada abad ke-20 yang pada umumnya merupakan hasil dari usaha yang tidak spontan dan tidak dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang sangat kaya. Koperasi tumbuh dari kalangan rakyat, ketika penderitaan dalam lapangan ekonomi dan sosial yang ditimbulkan oleh sistem kapitalisme semakin memuncak. Beberapa orang yang penghidupannya sederhana dengan kemampuan ekonomi terbatas, terdorong oleh penderitaan dan beban ekonomi yang sama, secara spontan mempersatukan diri untuk menolong dirinya sendiri dan manusia sesamanya

Pada tahun 1896 seorang Pamong Praja Patih R.Aria Wiria Atmaja di Purwokerto mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para pegawai negeri (priyayi). Ia terdorong oleh keinginannya untuk menolong para pegawai yang makin menderita karena terjerat oleh lintah darat yang memberikan pinjaman dengan bunga yang tinggi. Maksud Patih tersebut untuk mendirikan koperasi kredit model seperti di Jerman. Cita-cita semangat tersebut selanjutnya diteruskan oleh De Wolffvan Westerrode, seorang asisten residen Belanda. De Wolffvan Westerrode sewaktu cuti berhasil mengunjungi Jerman dan menganjurkan akan mengubah Bank Pertolongan Tabungan yang sudah ada menjadi Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian.

Selain pegawai negeri juga para petani perlu dibantu karena mereka makin menderita karena tekanan para pengijon. Ia juga menganjurkan mengubah Bank tersebut menjadi koperasi. Di samping itu ia pun mendirikan lumbung-lumbung desa yang menganjurkan para petani menyimpan pada pada musim panen dan memberikan pertolongan pinjaman padi pada musim paceklik. Ia pun berusaha menjadikan lumbung-lumbung itu menjadi Koperasi Kredit Padi. Tetapi Pemerintah Belanda pada waktu itu berpendirian lain. Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian dan Lumbung Desa tidak dijadikan Koperasi tetapi Pemerintah Belanda membentuk lumbung-lumbung desa baru, bank –bank Desa , rumah gadai dan Centrale Kas yang kemudian menjadi Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). Semua itu adalah badan usaha Pemerntah dan dipimpin oleh orang-orang Pemerintah.

Pada zaman Belanda pembentuk koperasi belum dapat terlaksana karena:

1.      Belum ada instansi pemerintah ataupun badan non pemerintah yang memberikan penerangan   dan penyuluhan tentang koperasi.

2.      Belum ada Undang-Undang yang mengatur kehidupan koperasi.

3.      Pemerintah jajahan sendiri masih ragu-ragu menganjurkan koperasi karena pertimbangan politik, khawatir koperasi itu akan digunakan oleh kaum politik untuk tujuan yang membahayakan pemerintah jajahan itu.

Mengantisipasi perkembangan koperasi yang sudah mulai memasyarakat, Pemerintah Hindia Belanda mengeluarkan peraturan perundangan tentang perkoperasian. Pertama, diterbitkan Peraturan Perkumpulan Koperasi No. 43, Tahun 1915, lalu pada tahun 1927 dikeluarkan pula Peraturan No. 91, Tahun 1927, yang mengatur Perkumpulan-Perkumpulan Koperasi bagi golongan Bumiputra. Pada tahun 1933, Pemerintah Hindia-Belanda menetapkan Peraturan Umum Perkumpulan-Perkumpulan Koperasi No. 21, Tahun 1933. Peraturan tahun 1933 itu, hanya diberlakukan bagi golongan yang tunduk kepada tatanan hukum Barat, sedangkan Peraturan tahun 1927, berlaku bagi golongan Bumiputra. Diskriminasi pun diberlakukan pada tataran kehidupan berkoperasi

Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve. Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi. Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi.

Namun, pada tahun 1933 keluar UU yang mirip UU no. 431 sehingga mematikan usaha koperasi untuk yang kedua kalinya. Pada tahun 1942 Jepang menduduki Indonesia. Jepang lalu mendirikan koperasi kumiyai. Awalnya koperasi ini berjalan mulus. Namun fungsinya berubah drastis dan menjadi alat Jepang untuk mengeruk keuntungan, dan menyengsarakan rakyat Indonesia.

Setelah Indonesia merdeka, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, pergerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya. Hari ini kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia. Sekaligus membentuk Sentral Organisasi Koperasi Rakyat Indonesia (SOKRI) yang berkedudukan di Tasikmalaya (Bandung sebagai ibukota provinsi sedang diduduki oleh tentara Belanda)

Fungsi dan peran koperasi Indonesia

Menurut Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 4 dijelaskan bahwa koperasi memiliki fungsi dan peranan antara lain yaitu mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota dan masyarakat, berupaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia, memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat, mengembangkan perekonomian nasional, serta mengembangkan kreativitas dan jiwa berorganisasi bagi pelajar bangsa.

Koperasi berlandaskan hukum

Koperasi berbentuk Badan Hukum menurut Undang-Undang No.12 tahun 1967 adalah [Organisasi]] ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial, beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama, berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Kinerja koperasi khusus mengenai perhimpunan, koperasi harus bekerja berdasarkan ketentuan undang-undang umum mengenai organisasi usaha (perseorangan, persekutuan, dsb.) serta hukum dagang dan hukum pajak

REFERENSI

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi

http://nwariza-reza.blogspot.com/2013/06/makalah-sejarah-koperasi-di-dunia-dan.html

http://satriailman.blogspot.com/2012/11/pengertian-ekonomi-koperasi.html

Softskill bahasa inggris

Kelud Mountain

Name         : Rahma Wati

Class          : 1EA22

Npm           : 17213160

Kelud Mountain

Kelud (often incorrectly write into Kelut which means "broom" in the Java language, in Dutch called Klut, Cloot, Kloet, or Kloete) is a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, which is classified as active. The mountain is located on the border between Kediri, Blitar and Malang district, approximately 27 km east of Kediri center. As Mount Merapi, Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Since the year 1000 AD, Kelud has erupted more than 30 times, the most powerful 5 Volcanic eruption explosivity index (VEI). The last eruption occurred Kelud 2014

Morphology

This volcano, including the type of explosive eruption stratovulkan characteristics. Like many other volcanoes the Island of Java, Kelud formed by the subduction of the Indo-Australian continental plate against the Eurasian plate. Since the year 1300 AD, it was recorded active mountain range erupted at relatively short intervals (9-25 years), making it the volcanoes are harmful to humans. The specificity of this volcano is the crater lake, which is in a state of eruption of lava flow eruptions can produce in large quantities, and endanger the surrounding population. Phreatic eruption in 2007 gave rise to the surface of the lava lake stopper, so the crater lake almost disappeared, leaving a small puddle like a puddle of water. Lava plugs are destroyed at the beginning of a major eruption in 2014.

Peak-peak current is the remainder of the eruption of the past that brought down the top of the ancient. Wall on the southwest side open so complex crater collapse toward the opening. Kelud is the highest peak, positioned slightly to the northeast of the crater. Other peaks of Elephant Peak Mungkur is on the west side and Cleft Peak on the south side. Note Kelud activity

Kelud 1901 Since the 15th century, Kelud has claimed more than 15,000 lives. The explosion was in 1586 claiming more than 10,000 lives. A system to divert the lava flow has been made extensively in 1926 and still functioning until now after the eruption in 1919 claimed thousands of lives due to cold lava flood swept settlements. In the 20th century, recorded Kelud erupted in 1901, 1919 (May 1), 1951 (August 31), 1966 (26 April), and 1990 (February 10 to March 13). This pattern brings experts volcano on 15-year cycle for this eruption. Entering the 21st century, the mountain erupted in 2007 and 13 to 14 February 2014. Frequency change is due to the formation of plugs of lava in the crater mouth. Almost all the recorded eruptions of short duration (2 days or less) and the type of explosive (VEI max. 4), except in 1990 and 2007 eruptions.

Eruption in 1901

 In the night between 22 and 23 May 1901 a large eruption occurred repeatedly, and increased at 03.00 am. Cracking noise was heard from the Pekalongan and reported ashfall reach the Bogor. A gust of hot clouds reported to Kediri. The number of casualties is expected quite a lot, but there are no records.

Eruption in 1919

"On May 20, 1919 afternoon, the sky suddenly dark. Disappearance of the sun makes all living with fear and trembling. Rained down ash and rock. Villagers on the slopes of the mountain trying to save whatever can be saved: life and property and pets . Everything ran avoid violent nature. Run! Run where are you? breathing increasingly difficult. increasingly stifling all air breathing. rustling sound getting closer and stronger. lava flows destroy everything and disturbing way out for humans. buildings and large trees broken into small- small as matchsticks. crater spewing ash and lava and clouds of poisonous gas with. forests, soil and rice covered in gray fabric.

Dozens of villages disappeared from the map of the earth. thousands of casualties buried alive ".. Kelud eruption in 1919 was recorded in the statement of Carl Wilhelm Wormser (1876-1946), officer in Tulung Landraad Supreme Court (the Dutch colonial era), who witnessed natural disasters

The eruption of 1919 was among the most deadly since claimed 5,160 lives, damage to 15,000 hectares of productive land due to lava flow reach 38 km, although in time the Rhinos have built retaining lava dam in 1905. Additionally, Hugo Cool, a mining expert , in 1907 also assigned channel excavated through the embankment or the western part of the crater wall. The effort was successfully issued 4.3 million cubic meters of water  

Kelud 1919.

Since the eruption of the duct system is then constructed crater lake drainage tunnel, and was completed in 1926. Overall built seven tunnels. Kelud eruption of 1951.  

On August 31, 1951, at 06.15/06.30, Kelud erupted (eruption) explosively. As a result of these large eruptions, some cities in Java to rain ash, including Yogyakarta and Surakarta and reach Bandung. The atmosphere is dark hit towns affected, causing the school must dismiss their students and office-department stopped the move.

The eruption in 1951

was the first time this has happened after the manufacture of drainage tunnels completed crater. Van Ijzendoorn, cartographer Head of Geological Agency, conclude that this channel system helps to reduce the impact of losses due to the eruption

Seven people were killed by the eruption, three of them officers volcano observation. In addition, 157 people were injured. As a result of this eruption anyway, so the bottom of the lake Kawau decreased water volume increased to 50 million cubic meters].

Eruption in 1966

Large eruption occurred on 26 April 1966 at 20:15. Around 210 more people died in the eruption. Severely damaged the tunnel system, so they invented a new 45-meter tunnel under the old tunnel. The tunnel is completed in 1967 it was named the Ampera Tunnel. This channel serves to maintain the volume of the crater lake that remained stable at 2.5 million cubic meters.

Eruption in 1990

The eruption in 1990 lasted for 45 days, which is February 10, 1990 until March 13, 1990. At this eruption, spewing Kelud 57.3 million cubic meters of volcanic material. Cold lava spread to 24 kilometers from the crater lake through 11 rivers that disgorge at the mountain. This eruption could shut down the tunnel Ampera with volcanic material. The new normalization process was completed in 1994.

Eruption in 2007

The eruption in 2007 was considered "deviant" behavior Kelud basis for type phreatic eruptions (leleran with small eruptions) is not explosive as previous eruptions. In addition, the eruption produced a lava dome shaped stopper that led to "lost" its crater lake. Volcanic activity is increased in late September 2007 and continued until November of the same year, marked by increasing water temperature of the crater lake, an increase in seismic tremor, as well as discoloration of the crater lake of murky greenish white. Status "alert" (highest) issued by the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation since October 16, 2007 which implicates the population within a radius of 10 km from the mountain (approximately 135,000 people) living on the slopes of the volcano to evacuate. However, the eruption did not occur.

Having had somewhat subsided, Kelud activity again increased since October 30, 2007 with a rapid increase in water temperature of the crater lake and shallow volcanic seismicity. On November 3, 2007 around 16:00 lake water temperature exceeds 74 degrees Celsius, well above the normal symptoms of the eruption of 40 degrees Celsius, causing the temperature gauge was broken. Vibration amplitude seismic tremor with large (more than 35mm) lead inspection officials had to evacuate, but again no eruption.

Due to the high activity of these symptoms occur uniquely in the history of the emergence of Kelud with thick white smoke from the crater lake of lava dome followed by the middle of the crater lake since November 5, 2007 and continues to "grow" up to size 100 m wide. Experts consider this lava dome so that clogging of magma eruption is not imminent. Energy to be used to encourage the eruption of lava dome eruptions rest of 1990. Since the incident energy release activity on the wane and on November 8, 2007 Kelud status downgraded to "standby" (level 3).

Crater Lake Kelud practical "lost" due to the emergence of a lava dome with a diameter of 469 m and a volume of 16.2 million cubic meters. What was left was a small pool of water murky brown in the south side of the lava dome.

 Eruption in 2014  

Volcanic ash from the eruption of the reach Yogyakarta in 2014.

 Kelud eruption in 2014 is considered more powerful than the 1990. Although it only lasted no more than two days and take 4 fatalities due to follow events, not the direct result of the eruption.

Increased activity has been detected at the end of 2013. Nevertheless, the situation calmed down. Only later announced an increase in status from Normal to Alert from the date of February 2, 2014.

On February 10, 2014, Kelud raised its status to standby and then on February 13, at 21:15 announced the status of supreme danger, Caution (Level IV), so that the radius of 10 km from the summit to be emptied of humans. Only in less than two hours, at 22:50 eruptions have occurred first type of explosion (explosive). Type of explosive eruptions such as this in 1990 (in 2007 the type effusive, namely in the form of magma flow) causing torrential rain enough gravel felt residents in the District Ngancar, Kediri, East Java, the location where the famous active volcano is located, even up to city ​​Pare, Kediri.

Wates District area to be a place of refuge purposes residents living within a radius of up to 10 kilometers from the lava dome, according to the recommendations of the Center for Volcanology, Mitigation, and Geological Hazard (PVMBG). Reported explosions could be heard the sound of the city of Solo and Yogyakarta (within 200 miles from the center of eruption), even Purbalingga (approximately 300 miles), Central Java.  

The situation in the area of ​​Bantul, Yogyakarta, when volcanic ash Kelud hit the region on the morning of February 14, 2014

The impact of a volcanic ash on February 14, 2014 early morning residents reportedly have reached Ponorogo. In Yogyakarta, observed almost the entire territory covered fairly dense volcanic ash, volcanic ash from Merapi exceeded in 2010. Thickness of volcanic ash in Yogyakarta and Sleman district expected even more than 2 centimeters. Impact of volcanic ash also leads in the direction of West Java, and is reported to have reached Kudat District, New York and several other areas in West Java. In the area of ​​Madiun and Magetan visibility to motorists or car is only about 3-5 feet because of falling ash of a volcanic eruption that Kelud so many motor vehicles are running very slowly.

Following extensive and thick rain of ash, Indonesian Ministry of Transportation to temporarily close airports on the island of Java, such as the International Airport JuandaSurabaya, Abdul Rachman Saleh airport in Malang, airport Achmad YaniSemarang, Adi Sutjipto airport of Yogyakarta, Surakarta Adisumarmo Airport, Airport stumps Wulung Cilacap, and airport Husein SastranegaraBandung. In addition, the airport Nusawiru in Pangandaran and Iswahyudi Air Base, Madiun, also closed.

Conditions mountain after the eruption gradually calm night and on February 20, 2014 lowered the activity status of Standby Watch it be (level III) by PVMBG [28]. Then on February 28, 2014 fell back to Alert status (Level II). As a result of this eruption, which clog the dome exit lane and crushed lava crater Kelud has dried. Possible crater lake formed after a few years.

Sights Kelud  

Kelud 2012. Lava dome appeared in the middle of 2007, with a peak Kelud background. On the left is part of the Peak Gajahmungkur. Towards the summit area since 2004 Kelud road ties have improved to facilitate the tourists as well as residents. Kelud has become a tourist attraction Kediri with the main attraction is the lava dome. At the top of the viewing post Gajahmungkur built with stairs made of cement.

On weekend evenings, given the lava dome lighting colorful lights [31]. Moreover, it has also provided a climbing lane at the top cleft, thermal baths, as well as flying fox. Kediri action build the tourist area of ​​Blitar protests, which considers the region a peak Kelud territory [32]. Dispute is mainly tapered region after the fall of East Java Governor Decree No. 188/113/KPTS/013/2012 which states that the peak area is a region of Kediri Kelud

Sumber: 

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kelud

http://www.bbc.co.uk/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/02/140214_sejarah_letusan_gunung_kelud.shtml

http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2014/02/14/inilah-sejarah-meletusnya-gunung-kelud-sejak-tahun-1000-2014

Passive Voice

Nama: Rahma Wati

Kelas : 1EA22

Npm : 17213160

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical construction (grammatical form) where the subject in the sentence or clause does not take action, but instead accept the action or actionable by another agent either mentioned or not. Conversely, the active construction, subject to the sentence or clause relates directly to verb to act as the agent of the action. Active sentence can be transformed into passive, but only transitive verb (has a direct object) that can be enforced so.

Active voice ( active voice) is the subject of the sentence in which it does the job , the passive voice ( passive voice ) is the subject of the sentence in which the subject of work by the object of the sentence.

example :

• Active Voice : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

• Passive Voice : The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

From this example we can see that :

1 . Object of the active voice ( the soil became the subject of a passive voice .

2 . The subject of the active voice ( we ) became the object of a passive voice . Note also that there is a change of subject pronoun ' we ' being the object pronoun ' us '

3 . Verb 1 ( fertilize ) the active voice into a verb 3 ( fertilized ) in the passive voice .

4 . He added that be ' is ' in front of the verb 3 . Antecedent be used is dependent on the subject of passive voice and tenses are used .

5 . He added the word ' By ' behind verb 3 . However , if the object of the passive voice is not important or not known , the object usually are not presented as well as the word ' by ' .

6.  Especially for progressive sentences (present, past, past perfect, future, past and future past future continuous, it is necessary to add 'being' in front of the verb 3). If it is not in add 'being', his tenses will change, not the progressive / continuous again.

7 . Based on the six points above the passive voice follow the following pattern :

The pattern of active and passive voice in every tenses

a) If the active voice in the simple present tense , then ' be ' the passive voice is is , am or are .

example :

·         Active : He meets them everyday .

·         Passive : They are met by him everyday .

·         Active : this plant she waters every two days .

·         Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days .

b ) If the active voice in simple past tense, then ' be ' passive voice his adalah was or were .

example :

·         Active : He met them yesterday .

·         Passive : They were met by him yesterday .

·         Active : She watered this pant this morning .

·         Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning .

c ) If the active voice in the present perfect tense , then ' be ' the passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary has or have , thus becoming ' has been ' or ' have been ' .

example :

·         Active : he has met them .

·         Passive : they have been met by him .

·         Active : she has watered this plant for 5 minutes .

·         Passive : this plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes .

d ) If the active voice in the past perfect tense , then ' be ' the passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary had , making it had been .

example :

·         Active : He had met them before I came .

·         Passive : They had been met by him before I came .

·         Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here .

·         Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here .

e ) If the Active voice in the simple future tense , then ' be ' passive voice it is be .

example :

·         Active : he will meet them tomorrow .

·         Passive : they will be met by him tomorrow .

·         Active : she will water this plant this afternoon .

·         Passive : this plant will be watered by her this afternoon .

·         Active : the farmers are going to harvest the crops next week .

·         Passive : the crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week .

f ) If the active voice in the future tense , then ' be ' the passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary will have , making it will not have been .

example :

·         Active : he will not have met them before I get there tomorrow .

·         Passive : they will not have been met by him before I get there tomorrow .

·         Active : she will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon .

·         Passive : this plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon .

g ) If the active voice in the past perfect tense future , then ' be ' the passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary would have , so be would not have been .

example :

·         Active : he would not have met them .

·         Passive : they would not have been met by him .

·         Active : she would have watered this plant .

·         Passive : this plant would not have been watered by her .

h ) If the active voice in the present continuous tense , then ' be ' passive voice it was ( is , am , or are ) + being .

example :

·         Active : he is meeting them now .

·         Passive : they are being met by him now .

·         Active : she is watering this plant now .

·         Passive : this plant is being watered by her now .

i ) If the active voice in the past continuous tense , then ' be ' passive it is ( was or were ) + being .

example :

·         Active : he was meeting them .

·         Passive : they were being met by him .

·         Active : she was watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plant was being watered by her .

j ) If the active voice in perfect continuous tense , then ' be ' the passive voice is ( has / have ) been + being .

example :

·         Active : he has been meeting them .

·         Passive : they have been being met by him .

·         Active : she has been watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plants has been being watered by her .

k ) If the active voice in the past perfect continuous tense , then ' be ' passive voice it is had been + being .

example :

·         Active : he had been meeting them .

·         Passive : they had been being met by him .

·         Active : she had been watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plants had been watered by her being .

l ) If the active voice in the future continuous tense , then ' be ' passive voice it is will be + being .

example :

·         Active : he will be meeting them .

·         Passive : they will be being met by him .

·         Active : she will be watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plant will be watered by her being .

m ) If the active voice in the past continuous tense future , then ' be ' passive voice it is would be + being .

example :

·         Active : he would be meeting them .

·         Passive : they would be being meet by him .

·         Active : she would be watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plant being watered by her be .

n ) If the active voice in the future perfect continuous tense , then ' be ' passive voice is will have been + being .

example :

·         Active : he will not have been meeting them .

·         Passive : they will not have been being met by him .

·         Active : she will not have been watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plant will have been being watered by her .

o ) If the active voice in the future perfect continuous tense past , then ' be ' his voice is passive would not have been + being .

example :

·         Active : he would be meeting them .

·         Passive : they would be being met by him .

·         Active : she would be watering this plant .

·         Passive : this plant would be watered by her being .

Source:  http://www.slideshare.net/septianraha/makalah-english-active-n-passive-voices#

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