Kelud Mountain
Name : Rahma
Wati
Class : 1EA22
Npm : 17213160
Kelud Mountain
Kelud (often incorrectly write
into Kelut which means "broom" in the Java language, in Dutch called
Klut, Cloot, Kloet, or Kloete) is a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, which is
classified as active. The mountain is located on the border between Kediri,
Blitar and Malang district, approximately 27 km east of Kediri center. As Mount
Merapi, Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Since the year
1000 AD, Kelud has erupted more than 30 times, the most powerful 5 Volcanic
eruption explosivity index (VEI). The last eruption occurred Kelud 2014
Morphology
This volcano, including the type
of explosive eruption stratovulkan characteristics. Like many other volcanoes
the Island of Java, Kelud formed by the subduction of the Indo-Australian
continental plate against the Eurasian plate. Since the year 1300 AD, it was
recorded active mountain range erupted at relatively short intervals (9-25
years), making it the volcanoes are harmful to humans. The specificity of this
volcano is the crater lake, which is in a state of eruption of lava flow
eruptions can produce in large quantities, and endanger the surrounding
population. Phreatic eruption in 2007 gave rise to the surface of the lava lake
stopper, so the crater lake almost disappeared, leaving a small puddle like a
puddle of water. Lava plugs are destroyed at the beginning of a major eruption
in 2014.
Peak-peak current is the
remainder of the eruption of the past that brought down the top of the ancient.
Wall on the southwest side open so complex crater collapse toward the opening.
Kelud is the highest peak, positioned slightly to the northeast of the crater.
Other peaks of Elephant Peak Mungkur is on the west side and Cleft Peak on the
south side. Note Kelud activity
Kelud 1901 Since the 15th
century, Kelud has claimed more than 15,000 lives. The explosion was in 1586
claiming more than 10,000 lives. A system to divert the lava flow has been made
extensively in 1926 and still functioning until now after the eruption in 1919
claimed thousands of lives due to cold lava flood swept settlements. In the
20th century, recorded Kelud erupted in 1901, 1919 (May 1), 1951 (August 31),
1966 (26 April), and 1990 (February 10 to March 13). This pattern brings
experts volcano on 15-year cycle for this eruption. Entering the 21st century,
the mountain erupted in 2007 and 13 to 14 February 2014. Frequency change is due
to the formation of plugs of lava in the crater mouth. Almost all the recorded
eruptions of short duration (2 days or less) and the type of explosive (VEI
max. 4), except in 1990 and 2007 eruptions.
Eruption in 1901
In the night between 22 and 23 May 1901 a
large eruption occurred repeatedly, and increased at 03.00 am. Cracking noise
was heard from the Pekalongan and reported ashfall reach the Bogor. A gust of
hot clouds reported to Kediri. The number of casualties is expected quite a
lot, but there are no records.
Eruption in 1919
"On May 20, 1919 afternoon,
the sky suddenly dark. Disappearance of the sun makes all living with fear and
trembling. Rained down ash and rock. Villagers on the slopes of the mountain
trying to save whatever can be saved: life and property and pets . Everything
ran avoid violent nature. Run! Run where are you? breathing increasingly
difficult. increasingly stifling all air breathing. rustling sound getting
closer and stronger. lava flows destroy everything and disturbing way out for
humans. buildings and large trees broken into small- small as matchsticks.
crater spewing ash and lava and clouds of poisonous gas with. forests, soil and
rice covered in gray fabric.
Dozens of villages disappeared
from the map of the earth. thousands of casualties buried alive ".. Kelud
eruption in 1919 was recorded in the statement of Carl Wilhelm Wormser
(1876-1946), officer in Tulung Landraad Supreme Court (the Dutch colonial era),
who witnessed natural disasters
The eruption of 1919 was among
the most deadly since claimed 5,160 lives, damage to 15,000 hectares of
productive land due to lava flow reach 38 km, although in time the Rhinos have
built retaining lava dam in 1905. Additionally, Hugo Cool, a mining expert , in
1907 also assigned channel excavated through the embankment or the western part
of the crater wall. The effort was successfully issued 4.3 million cubic meters
of water
Kelud 1919.
Since the eruption of the duct
system is then constructed crater lake drainage tunnel, and was completed in
1926. Overall built seven tunnels. Kelud eruption of 1951.
On August 31, 1951, at
06.15/06.30, Kelud erupted (eruption) explosively. As a result of these large
eruptions, some cities in Java to rain ash, including Yogyakarta and Surakarta
and reach Bandung. The atmosphere is dark hit towns affected, causing the
school must dismiss their students and office-department stopped the move.
The eruption in 1951
was the first time this has
happened after the manufacture of drainage tunnels completed crater. Van
Ijzendoorn, cartographer Head of Geological Agency, conclude that this channel
system helps to reduce the impact of losses due to the eruption
Seven people were killed by the
eruption, three of them officers volcano observation. In addition, 157 people
were injured. As a result of this eruption anyway, so the bottom of the lake
Kawau decreased water volume increased to 50 million cubic meters].
Eruption in 1966
Large eruption occurred on 26
April 1966 at 20:15. Around 210 more people died in the eruption. Severely
damaged the tunnel system, so they invented a new 45-meter tunnel under the old
tunnel. The tunnel is completed in 1967 it was named the Ampera Tunnel. This
channel serves to maintain the volume of the crater lake that remained stable
at 2.5 million cubic meters.
Eruption in 1990
The eruption in 1990 lasted for
45 days, which is February 10, 1990 until March 13, 1990. At this eruption,
spewing Kelud 57.3 million cubic meters of volcanic material. Cold lava spread
to 24 kilometers from the crater lake through 11 rivers that disgorge at the
mountain. This eruption could shut down the tunnel Ampera with volcanic
material. The new normalization process was completed in 1994.
Eruption in 2007
The eruption in 2007 was
considered "deviant" behavior Kelud basis for type phreatic eruptions
(leleran with small eruptions) is not explosive as previous eruptions. In
addition, the eruption produced a lava dome shaped stopper that led to
"lost" its crater lake. Volcanic activity is increased in late
September 2007 and continued until November of the same year, marked by
increasing water temperature of the crater lake, an increase in seismic tremor,
as well as discoloration of the crater lake of murky greenish white. Status
"alert" (highest) issued by the Center for Volcanology and Geological
Hazard Mitigation since October 16, 2007 which implicates the population within
a radius of 10 km from the mountain (approximately 135,000 people) living on
the slopes of the volcano to evacuate. However, the eruption did not occur.
Having had somewhat subsided,
Kelud activity again increased since October 30, 2007 with a rapid increase in
water temperature of the crater lake and shallow volcanic seismicity. On
November 3, 2007 around 16:00 lake water temperature exceeds 74 degrees
Celsius, well above the normal symptoms of the eruption of 40 degrees Celsius,
causing the temperature gauge was broken. Vibration amplitude seismic tremor
with large (more than 35mm) lead inspection officials had to evacuate, but
again no eruption.
Due to the high activity of these
symptoms occur uniquely in the history of the emergence of Kelud with thick
white smoke from the crater lake of lava dome followed by the middle of the
crater lake since November 5, 2007 and continues to "grow" up to size
100 m wide. Experts consider this lava dome so that clogging of magma eruption
is not imminent. Energy to be used to encourage the eruption of lava dome
eruptions rest of 1990. Since the incident energy release activity on the wane
and on November 8, 2007 Kelud status downgraded to "standby" (level
3).
Crater Lake Kelud practical
"lost" due to the emergence of a lava dome with a diameter of 469 m
and a volume of 16.2 million cubic meters. What was left was a small pool of
water murky brown in the south side of the lava dome.
Eruption in 2014
Volcanic ash from the eruption of
the reach Yogyakarta in 2014.
Kelud eruption in 2014 is considered more
powerful than the 1990. Although it only lasted no more than two days and take
4 fatalities due to follow events, not the direct result of the eruption.
Increased activity has been
detected at the end of 2013. Nevertheless, the situation calmed down. Only
later announced an increase in status from Normal to Alert from the date of
February 2, 2014.
On February 10, 2014, Kelud
raised its status to standby and then on February 13, at 21:15 announced the
status of supreme danger, Caution (Level IV), so that the radius of 10 km from
the summit to be emptied of humans. Only in less than two hours, at 22:50
eruptions have occurred first type of explosion (explosive). Type of explosive
eruptions such as this in 1990 (in 2007 the type effusive, namely in the form
of magma flow) causing torrential rain enough gravel felt residents in the
District Ngancar, Kediri, East Java, the location where the famous active
volcano is located, even up to city Pare, Kediri.
Wates District area to be a place
of refuge purposes residents living within a radius of up to 10 kilometers from
the lava dome, according to the recommendations of the Center for Volcanology,
Mitigation, and Geological Hazard (PVMBG). Reported explosions could be heard
the sound of the city of Solo and Yogyakarta (within 200 miles from the center
of eruption), even Purbalingga (approximately 300 miles), Central Java.
The situation in the area of
Bantul, Yogyakarta, when volcanic ash Kelud hit the region on the morning of
February 14, 2014
The impact of a volcanic ash on
February 14, 2014 early morning residents reportedly have reached Ponorogo. In
Yogyakarta, observed almost the entire territory covered fairly dense volcanic
ash, volcanic ash from Merapi exceeded in 2010. Thickness of volcanic ash in
Yogyakarta and Sleman district expected even more than 2 centimeters. Impact of
volcanic ash also leads in the direction of West Java, and is reported to have
reached Kudat District, New York and several other areas in West Java. In the
area of Madiun and Magetan visibility to motorists or car is only about 3-5
feet because of falling ash of a volcanic eruption that Kelud so many motor
vehicles are running very slowly.
Following extensive and thick
rain of ash, Indonesian Ministry of Transportation to temporarily close
airports on the island of Java, such as the International Airport
JuandaSurabaya, Abdul Rachman Saleh airport in Malang, airport Achmad
YaniSemarang, Adi Sutjipto airport of Yogyakarta, Surakarta Adisumarmo Airport,
Airport stumps Wulung Cilacap, and airport Husein SastranegaraBandung. In
addition, the airport Nusawiru in Pangandaran and Iswahyudi Air Base, Madiun,
also closed.
Conditions mountain after the
eruption gradually calm night and on February 20, 2014 lowered the activity
status of Standby Watch it be (level III) by PVMBG [28]. Then on February 28,
2014 fell back to Alert status (Level II). As a result of this eruption, which
clog the dome exit lane and crushed lava crater Kelud has dried. Possible
crater lake formed after a few years.
Sights Kelud
Kelud 2012. Lava dome appeared in
the middle of 2007, with a peak Kelud background. On the left is part of the
Peak Gajahmungkur. Towards the summit area since 2004 Kelud road ties have
improved to facilitate the tourists as well as residents. Kelud has become a
tourist attraction Kediri with the main attraction is the lava dome. At the top
of the viewing post Gajahmungkur built with stairs made of cement.
On weekend evenings, given the
lava dome lighting colorful lights [31]. Moreover, it has also provided a
climbing lane at the top cleft, thermal baths, as well as flying fox. Kediri
action build the tourist area of Blitar protests, which considers the region
a peak Kelud territory [32]. Dispute is mainly tapered region after the fall of
East Java Governor Decree No. 188/113/KPTS/013/2012 which states that the peak
area is a region of Kediri Kelud
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